AN EVALUATION OF HAZARD ANALYSIS AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IN MITIGATING MARITIME ACCIDENTS IN TANZANIA

Abstract

The maritime sector in Tanzania, particularly along the Dar es Salaam–Zanzibar route, continues to face significant safety challenges despite the widespread use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and hazard analysis protocols. This study investigates the effectiveness of PPE application and hazard identification within this context, employing a Human Factors Engineering approach to examine crew behaviors and risk perceptions that contribute to marine incidents. Findings reveal that improper use and selection of PPE, influenced by factors such as comfort, training, environmental conditions, and communication gaps, significantly undermine safety measures. Notably, workers often remained exposed to hazards despite wearing PPE due to inadequate hazard recognition, while the absence of PPE during extreme conditions like heat stress led to increased accident rates. The study highlights a critical gap in the maritime safety framework where overemphasis on PPE and hazard analysis alone fails to address the complex human and operational factors at play. Consequently, the research advocates for an integrated safety strategy that balances technological, regulatory, and human-centered interventions. Effective PPE usage, combined with comprehensive training and improved hazard awareness, is essential for reducing maritime accidents and ensuring the long-term sustainability of Tanzania’s marine transport industry.