ENGINEERING CHALLENGES IN RETAINING WALL DESIGN: A STUDY OF EARTH PRESSURE AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

Abstract

Structures called retaining walls are employed to sustain soil slopes that are vertical or nearly vertical. Lateral earth pressures are the horizontal strains brought on by the soils on the walls. These barriers routinely collapse, creating a serious environmental risk and worrying b uilding engineers. A geotechnical engineer must determine the magnitude of the lateral earth pressures, which depend on the unit weight, angle of friction, and cohesiveness of the soil contained behind the wall. It is expected that the soil behind the wall ( known as the backfill soil) is close to failing and satisfies some failure criterion, such as the MohrCoulomb failure criterion, in order to accurately quantify the magnitude of this lateral earth pressure.The kind and quantity of wall movement, the backfill type, the backfill soil's effective unit weight, and the location of groundwater all have an impact on lateral earth pressure, drainage conditions in the backfill, ground surcharge, and the application of surcharge. At rest, active, and passive are t he three main types of Earth pressure. Retaining walls must remain stable throughout construction since they are susceptible to falling over at their feet, sliding along their bases, and failing because the soil supporting the foundation isn't strong enough to hold them. Earth pressure sensors, laserbased displacement transducers, slope inclinometers, and earth pressure sensors are widely used to monitor failure in preinstalled retaining walls. Potentiometers and strain gauges make it easy to find geo-foam deformation in small scale